A Two-Echelon Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows and Battery Swapping Stations

Driven by the new laws and regulations concerning emission of greenhouse gases, it is becoming more popular for enterprises to adopt cleaner energy. This research proposes a novel two-echelon vehicle routing problem consisting mixed vehicles considering battery swapping stations, which includes one depot, multiple satellites with unilateral time windows, customers given demands. The fossil fuel-based internal combustion are employed in first echelon, while electric used second echelon. A integer programming model this proposed established total cost, including transportation handling fixed cost two kinds vehicles, recharging minimized. Moreover, based on variable neighborhood search, metaheuristic procedure developed solve problem. To validate its effectiveness, extensive numerical experiments conducted over randomly generated instances different sizes. computational results show that can produce good logistics scheme high efficiency.